Q1. Explain intragenerational and intergenerational issues of equity from the perspective of inclusive growth and sustainable development. 

Model Answer:

Introduction

Intra-generational equity focuses on the distribution of resources, opportunities, and wealth within a single generation. On the other hand, Inter-generational equity concerns the fairness of resource distribution and opportunities across different generations. Equity is a cornerstone of both inclusive growth and sustainable development. 

Body

Intra-Generational Issues of Equity

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• Income inequality - Income inequality within a generation can hinder inclusive growth by concentrating wealth in the hands of a few, leading to social unrest and reduced economic mobility. According to the Oxfam’s Report “Survival of the Richest: The India story”, the richest 1% in India now own more than 40% of the country’s total wealth, while the bottom half of the population together share just 3% of wealth between 2012 and 2021. 
• Access to Education and Healthcare - Unequal access to essential services exacerbates social and economic inequalities, limiting human capital development and hindering sustainable development.
• Gender Disparities - Gender inequality remains a significant barrier to intra-generational equity. Women in India continue to face challenges in accessing economic opportunities. This limits their economic independence and contributes to broader societal inequities.

Intra-generational issue of equity 

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• Environmental Degradation - Environmental degradation poses a significant threat to inter-generational equity, as it undermines the ability of future generations to access natural resources and maintain a healthy environment. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) reported that 122 cities in India exceed permissible air quality levels, affecting the health and productivity of future generations. 
• Climate change and vulnerability - Climate change represents a profound inter-generational challenge. India is highly vulnerable to climate impacts. The poor and marginalised, who contribute the least to climate change, are often the most affected, exacerbating intra-generational inequities.

Solutions and Policy Recommendations

Progressive Taxation and Redistribution

To address intra-generational equity, experts recommend progressive taxation and targeted redistribution of wealth. This includes higher taxes on the wealthy and increased social spending on health, education, and social protection for the underprivileged.

Sustainable Resource Management

For inter-generational equity, sustainable resource management is crucial. Policies that promote the conservation of water, forests, and energy resources are essential. This includes implementing stricter environmental regulations and incentivizing the adoption of green technologies.

 Climate Adaptation Strategies

Climate adaptation strategies, such as developing resilient infrastructure, promoting sustainable agriculture, and investing in renewable energy, are vital for protecting both current and future generations from climate impacts.

 Inclusive Education Policies

Expanding access to quality education, particularly in rural and marginalised areas, is necessary for both intra- and inter-generational equity. This includes increasing public investment in education and implementing policies that address disparities in educational attainment.

Social Inclusion Programs

Programs aimed at reducing social inequalities, such as affirmative action, gender empowerment initiatives, and regional development programs, are essential for achieving inclusive growth and sustainable development.

Conclusion

Intra-generational and intergenerational equity are intertwined with the broader goals of inclusive growth and sustainable development. Addressing these equity issues requires a multifaceted approach that considers economic, social, and environmental dimensions. 

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