Q.11 Indian Philosophy and tradition played a significant role in conceiving and shaping the monuments and their art in India. Discuss.

Model Answer:

Introduction

Indian philosophy has profoundly influenced the way of life and values in India, guiding not only social and ethical norms but also the creation of art and architecture. This philosophical underpinning is evident in the design, construction, and ornamentation of various monuments across the country.

Body

• Temples: The Dravidian and Nagara styles of temple architecture are deeply rooted in Hindu philosophy. The sanctum sanctorum (garbhagriha) represents the innermost core of the human being, while the towering shikhara symbolises the connection between the earthly and the divine. The Brihadeeswarar Temple in Tamil Nadu and the Khajuraho Group of Monuments in Madhya Pradesh are prime examples, reflecting the principles of Vastu Shastra and the cosmic order.
• Stupas: Buddhist stupas, such as the Sanchi Stupa, embody the philosophy of the Middle Path and the cycle of life and death. The central dome represents the universe, while the harmika and the yasti symbolise the axis mundi, connecting the earthly realm with the heavens.
• Sculptures: Indian sculptures, like those in the Ajanta and Ellora Caves, are not mere artistic expressions but are imbued with spiritual significance. The depictions of Buddha, Bodhisattvas, and various Hindu deities are crafted to convey philosophical teachings and moral values.
• Gateways and Walls: The gateways (toranas) of stupas and the walls of temples are often adorned with intricate carvings and motifs that narrate mythological stories and moral lessons. These elements serve both decorative and didactic purposes, guiding devotees in their spiritual journey.
• Construction Techniques: Indian philosophies also influenced construction techniques. Vastu Shastra, an ancient Indian science of architecture, provides guidelines for the design and layout of buildings to harmonize with natural forces. This is evident in the precise orientation and proportionality of structures like the Sun Temple at Konark.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Indian philosophy has not only shaped the aesthetic and symbolic aspects of monuments but also guided the techniques used in their construction. The underlying themes of Indian philosophies are reflected in the diverse forms of art and architecture, making them an integral part of India's cultural heritage.

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