Q.10 “The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain.

Model Answer:

Introduction

The rise of China as a global power has significantly altered the global order. Over the past few decades, China has transformed from a developing nation into the world's second-largest economy, exerting substantial influence on international trade, technology, and geopolitics. This ascent has led to increasing tensions between the US and China on multiple fronts, including trade, military, and cyber domains.

Body

China poses a more formidable challenge to the USA than the erstwhile Soviet Union for several reasons:

• Economic Power and Influence: Unlike the Soviet Union, China has deeply integrated itself into the global economy. As of 2023, China is the largest trading partner for over 120 countries, including key US allies. Its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has expanded its economic influence across Asia, Africa, and Europe, creating a vast network of dependencies.
• Technological Advancements: China has made significant strides in technology, particularly in 5G, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing. Companies like Huawei and Tencent are at the forefront of global tech innovation, challenging US dominance in these sectors. The Soviet Union, in contrast, lagged behind the USA in technological advancements.
• State-Backed Cyber Espionage: China has been accused of extensive cyber espionage and technology theft. The US Department of Justice has charged numerous Chinese nationals with cybercrimes aimed at stealing intellectual property and sensitive information. This cyber threat is more pervasive and sophisticated than what the USA faced from the Soviet Union.
• Military Modernization: China's military capabilities have grown rapidly, with significant investments in naval power, missile technology, and space capabilities. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is now a formidable force in the Indo-Pacific region, directly challenging US military presence and alliances.
• Global Influence: Through initiatives like the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the BRI, China has extended its influence far beyond its borders. These initiatives were not present during the Cold War, where the Soviet Union's influence was largely confined to its ideological bloc.

Conclusion

The rise of China presents a complex and multifaceted challenge to the USA, reshaping the global order. The USA must adopt a balanced approach to counter Chinese influence, emphasising diplomacy, economic strategies, and alliances to avoid escalating tensions into a global conflict.

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