Q17. Major cities of India are becoming vulnerable to flood conditions. Discuss.

Model Answer:

Introduction

India's major cities are increasingly facing vulnerability to flooding, a trend exacerbated by rapid urbanisation, climate change, and inadequate infrastructure. With significant portions of the population residing in urban areas, the impact of flooding can be devastating, leading to loss of life, displacement, economic disruption, and damage to essential infrastructure. Understanding the factors contributing to this vulnerability is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate flood risks.

Body

Vulnerability of Major Cities to Flood Conditions:

• Rapid Urbanization:
  • The rapid growth of cities has led to the expansion of impervious surfaces, such as roads and buildings, which impede natural water drainage. This results in increased surface runoff during heavy rainfall, overwhelming drainage systems and causing urban flooding.
  • The migration of people from rural to urban areas in search of better opportunities has intensified the demand for housing and infrastructure, often outpacing planning and development.
• Climate Change:
  • Climate change has led to more extreme weather events, including intense rainfall and erratic monsoon patterns. Cities such as Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata have experienced record rainfall, causing flash floods and inundation.
  • Rising sea levels pose a particular threat to coastal cities, increasing the risk of storm surges and flooding during high tides or cyclonic events.
• Inadequate Drainage Systems:
  • Many Indian cities have outdated and poorly maintained drainage systems that cannot cope with heavy rainfall. Blockages due to solid waste and inadequate design exacerbate flooding conditions.
  • Urban planning often neglects the integration of efficient drainage and stormwater management systems, leading to increased vulnerability.
• Encroachment on Floodplains:
  • The encroachment of natural floodplains and wetlands for development has reduced the landscape's ability to absorb excess rainwater. This practice disrupts the natural hydrology and increases the likelihood of flooding in adjacent areas.
  • Urban sprawl into vulnerable zones, such as riverbanks and low-lying areas, has heightened the risk of flooding during heavy rains.

Conclusion

‍The vulnerability of major cities in India to flooding is a multifaceted issue arising from rapid urbanisation, climate change, inadequate infrastructure, and environmental mismanagement. To address this growing challenge, it is essential for policymakers and urban planners to implement integrated water management strategies, enhance drainage systems, and enforce regulations against encroachment on flood-prone areas. Promoting sustainable urban development and community awareness can further mitigate the impacts of flooding, safeguarding lives and livelihoods in vulnerable urban areas.

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