Q14. The ideal solution for depleting groundwater resources in India is a water harvesting system. How can it be made effective in urban areas?

Model Answer:

Introduction

Groundwater depletion in India is a pressing issue, impacting agriculture, drinking water supply, and ecological balance. Effective water harvesting systems can significantly mitigate this crisis.

Body

Status of Groundwater Depletion in India

Groundwater depletion is a significant issue in India, primarily driven by over-extraction for irrigation, rapid urbanization, and the impacts of climate change. Recent studies indicate that groundwater levels are declining rapidly, with projections suggesting that depletion rates may triple between 2041 and 2080 due to increasing temperatures and corresponding agricultural water demand​. Currently, approximately 70% of India's water supply comes from groundwater, and around 25% of this extraction is unsustainable​. 

Water Harvesting Systems 

1. Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting rainwater can replenish groundwater levels effectively.
2. Recharge Pits: Constructing recharge pits promotes groundwater infiltration in urban areas.
3. Green Roofs: Implementing green roofs helps absorb rainwater and reduces runoff.
4. Permeable Pavements: Using permeable materials allows rainwater to infiltrate the ground instead of running off.

Making Water Harvesting Effective in Urban Areas

1. Awareness Campaigns: Educating citizens about the benefits of water harvesting is essential.
2. Incentives: Providing financial incentives for households and businesses to implement systems encourages adoption.
3. Policy Support: Governments should enact policies mandating water harvesting in new developments.
4. Maintenance Programs: Establishing regular maintenance protocols ensures systems function optimally.
5. Community Engagement: Involving communities fosters collective responsibility for water conservation efforts.
6. Monitoring Systems: Implementing monitoring systems helps assess effectiveness and encourage compliance. 

Conclusion

Implementing effective water harvesting systems in urban areas can significantly combat groundwater depletion, ensuring sustainable water resources for future generations.

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