Q20. Analyse internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard.

Model Answer:

Introduction

The borders between India and Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, including the Line of Control (LoC), face significant internal security threats and transborder crimes. These challenges include insurgency, illegal migration, smuggling, and cross-border terrorism. Various security forces, such as the Indian Army, Border Security Force (BSF), Assam Rifles, and Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), play crucial roles in managing these issues through patrols, intelligence operations, and border security measures. 

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1. Myanmar Border:

Threats:

• Insurgency and Ethnic Conflicts: The Myanmar border is affected by insurgencies and ethnic conflicts, particularly involving the Rohingya, Kachin, and Shan ethnic groups. These conflicts often spill over into neighbouring countries, including India, resulting in cross-border smuggling and militant activities.
• Smuggling and Trafficking: The border area is prone to smuggling of goods, including drugs and arms. Human trafficking is also a significant issue, particularly affecting vulnerable populations.
• Illegal Immigration: There is an influx of illegal immigrants, often fleeing violence and poverty in Myanmar. This poses security challenges and strains local resources.

Security Forces' Role:

• Assam Rifles: Deployed along the Myanmar border, they are tasked with counter-insurgency operations, securing the border, and preventing illegal activities.
• Border Security Force (BSF): In some areas, the BSF collaborates with Assam Rifles to manage border security and prevent illegal crossings.

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2. Bangladesh Border:

Threats:

• Illegal Migration: There is a significant issue of illegal migration from Bangladesh into India, including the movement of Rohingya refugees, which can strain resources and affect security.
• Smuggling: The border is a hotspot for smuggling, including narcotics, contraband goods, and firearms.
• Cross-Border Crime: Criminal activities such as human trafficking and organised crime often occur along this border.

Security Forces' Role:

• Border Security Force (BSF): Primarily responsible for securing the Bangladesh border, the BSF conducts patrolling, surveillance, and apprehension of illegal migrants and smugglers.
• Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB): Operates in certain sectors, focusing on border security and anti-smuggling operations.

3. Pakistan Border and Line of Control (LoC):

Threats:

• Terrorism and Militancy: The LoC and the broader Pakistan border are areas of high tension, with frequent cross-border terrorism and militant infiltration. This includes attacks on military posts and civilian areas.
• Ceasefire Violations: There are frequent ceasefire violations along the LoC, leading to casualties and instability.
• Smuggling: There is also smuggling of arms, drugs, and other contraband between Pakistan and India.

Security Forces' Role:

• Indian Army: Deployed extensively along the LoC to counter infiltration and provide defence against cross-border terrorism. They are also involved in managing ceasefire violations and maintaining peace and security in the region.
• Border Security Force (BSF): Operates along the international border with Pakistan, focusing on preventing infiltration, smuggling, and other border violations.
• National Investigation Agency (NIA): Engages in investigating and countering terrorism and other serious criminal activities that have cross-border implications.

Overall Analysis:

• Coordination and Intelligence Sharing: Effective management of these borders requires coordinated efforts between various security forces, intelligence agencies, and local authorities. Sharing intelligence and conducting joint operations are crucial in addressing transborder crimes and internal security threats.
• Community Engagement: Building trust with local communities and addressing their grievances can help mitigate some of the root causes of border-related issues, such as illegal migration and insurgency.
• Technological Integration: Using advanced surveillance and monitoring technologies can enhance border security and reduce illegal activities.

Conclusion

The management of these borders involves a complex interplay of security measures, diplomatic efforts, and community engagement to address the multifaceted threats and challenges.

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