Model Answer:
India, with its diverse geological settings and tectonic complexity, faces significant seismic risks across much of its territory. The country straddles multiple tectonic plates, including the Indian Plate, Eurasian Plate, and Burma Plate, making it prone to earthquakes of varying magnitudes.
India's vulnerability to earthquake hazards:
Tectonic setting: India is situated on the Indian Plate, which is continuously moving northward and colliding with the Eurasian Plate. This collision is responsible for the formation of the Himalayas and makes the entire northern region highly susceptible to earthquakes.
Seismic zones: India is divided into four seismic zones (II, III, IV, and V) based on the intensity of potential earthquakes. Zone V is the most vulnerable, covering areas like parts of Kashmir, the Western and Central Himalayas, the Northeast, and the Rann of Kutch.
Urban vulnerability: Rapid urbanization has led to the growth of densely populated cities with inadequate infrastructure and building practices, increasing the potential for significant loss of life and property during earthquakes.
Rural vulnerability: Many rural areas lack earthquake-resistant structures and have limited access to emergency services, making them particularly vulnerable to seismic events.
Major earthquake disasters in India over the last three decades:
Latur Earthquake (1993)
Salient features
Occurred in a region previously considered relatively stable
Caused widespread destruction in Latur and Osmanabad districts
Over 9,000 people were killed and 30,000 injured
Exposed the vulnerability of traditional stone masonry structures
Bhuj Earthquake (2001)
Salient features
One of the most destructive earthquakes in India's history
Over 20,000 people were killed and 166,000 injured
Extensive damage to infrastructure, including the collapse of a multistory building.
Kashmir Earthquake (2005)
Salient features
Epicentre in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, but significantly impacted Indian-administered areas.
Over 1,300 people were killed in India.
Exposed the vulnerability of mountainous regions to landslides triggered by earthquakes
Sikkim Earthquake (2011)
Salient features
Impacted a relatively less populated area but caused significant damage
At least 60 people killed in India
Triggered numerous landslides, blocking roads and hampering rescue efforts
Demonstrated the cascading effects of earthquakes in mountainous terrain.
In conclusion, India's vulnerability to earthquakes necessitates robust preparedness and sustainable development. Government initiatives like the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines play a crucial role in mitigating risks. Emphasizing preparedness and adherence to safety norms is essential to address this vulnerability effectively
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