Model Answer:
The World Health Organization (WHO) released revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) in 2021, updating the previous standards set in 2005. These guidelines aim to protect public health by providing recommendations for air quality levels and limiting various pollutants.
Key points of the revised WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines
Stricter standards: The new guidelines significantly lowered the recommended levels for six major air pollutants.
Focus on PM2.5: Particularly stringent revisions for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), reducing the annual guideline from 10 μg/m3 to 5 μg/m3.
New pollutants: Introduction of guidelines for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) for short-term exposures.
Health impact emphasis: Greater focus on health effects associated with exposure to air pollution, including evidence linking air pollution to diseases like diabetes and neurodegenerative conditions.
Differences from 2005 guidelines
More comprehensive: The 2021 guidelines cover a broader range of health effects and pollutants.
Lower thresholds: Significant reductions in recommended levels for all pollutants, reflecting new scientific evidence on health impacts at lower concentrations.
Interim targets: Introduction of interim targets to help countries gradually improve air quality, especially in highly polluted areas.
Changes required in India's National Clean Air Programme
Revise national standards: Update India's air quality standards to align more closely with WHO guidelines.
Expand monitoring network: Increase the number and coverage of air quality monitoring stations across the country.
Sector-specific interventions: Develop and implement targeted strategies for major pollution sources like industry, transport, and biomass burning.
Strengthen enforcement: Enhance mechanisms to ensure compliance with emission standards and regulations.
Inter-state coordination: Improve collaboration between states to address regional air pollution issues.
Public awareness: Increase efforts to educate the public about air pollution and its health impacts.
Sustainable urban planning: Integrate air quality considerations into urban development and transportation planning.
The revised WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines (2021) set more stringent limits for key air pollutants, reflecting the latest scientific evidence on the health impacts of air pollution. Strengthening the regulatory framework, increasing public awareness, and fostering inter-agency coordination are crucial steps towards improving air quality and protecting public health in India.
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