Q17. The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand are reaching the limits of ecological carrying capacity due to tourism. Critically evaluate.

Model Answer:

Introduction

The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand are renowned for their breathtaking landscapes and natural beauty, making them popular tourist destinations. However, the burgeoning tourism industry in these regions has raised concerns about reaching ecological carrying capacity, leading to detrimental environmental impacts.

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Evaluation of Ecological Carrying Capacity:

• Environmental Degradation:
  • Deforestation: Increased tourism has led to widespread deforestation as land is cleared for infrastructure development, such as hotels, roads, and other amenities. This disrupts local ecosystems and biodiversity.
  • Soil Erosion: The construction of tourist facilities and heavy foot traffic have exacerbated soil erosion, particularly in hilly terrains. This not only degrades land but also leads to landslides, posing risks to local communities.
• Water Resource Strain:
  • Water Scarcity: Tourism places significant demands on local water resources for drinking, sanitation, and recreational activities. In regions already facing water scarcity, this can lead to conflicts among local residents and tourists over access to clean water.
  • Pollution: Increased tourism often results in untreated sewage and waste entering local water bodies, leading to pollution and threatening aquatic ecosystems.
• Cultural Disruption:
  • Impact on Local Communities: The influx of tourists can disrupt local cultures and lifestyles, as traditional practices are altered or commercialised to cater to tourist expectations. This can lead to cultural homogenization and loss of identity.
  • Economic Disparities: While tourism generates income, it can also create economic disparities between those who benefit from tourism and those who do not. Local communities may find themselves marginalised in their own regions.
• Wildlife Disruption:
  • Habitat Encroachment: The expansion of tourism infrastructure often encroaches on wildlife habitats, leading to increased human-wildlife conflict. Species may be driven away or become endangered due to habitat loss.

Conclusion

‍The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand are facing significant challenges regarding ecological carrying capacity due to tourism. While the industry provides economic benefits, the adverse environmental, social, and cultural impacts necessitate a reevaluation of tourism practices. Sustainable tourism strategies that prioritise conservation, responsible management, and community involvement are essential to ensure the preservation of these ecologically sensitive regions for future generations.

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