Q15. Discuss India as a secular state and compare it with the secular principles of the US constitution.
Approach
Introduction
A secular state is defined as a political entity that upholds the principle of separation between religion and government, ensuring that religious groups do not wield political power and that the state remains neutral in religious matters.
Body
India as a secular state
Fundamental Right: The Constitution of India guarantees freedom of religion to all citizens. Secularism is enshrined in Articles 25-28 of the Constitution. Citizens can practice, profess, and propagate their faith. For example, The recognition of festivals like Eid, Diwali, and Christmas illustrates state support for diverse practices.
Neutrality: The Indian state maintains neutrality in religious matters. Government policies do not favor one religion over others.
India as a secular state has made room for and is compatible with the idea of state-supported religious reform. Thus, the Indian constitution bans untouchability. The Indian state has enacted several laws abolishing child marriage and lifting the taboo on inter-caste marriage sanctioned by Hinduism.
Positive and Supportive Approach: The Indian state engages with religion both negatively and positively. It opposes religious tyranny which is reflected in such actions as the ban on untouchability. The positive mode of engagement is reflected when it grants all religious minorities the right to establish and maintain their own educational institutions which may receive assistance from the state.
India as a secular state does not treat every aspect of every religion with equal respect. It allows equal disrespect for some aspects of organized religions.
However, India also faces several challenges in maintaining its secular fabric amid its diverse social landscape. Major challenges like:
Political mobilization around religious sentiments,
Increasing influence of majoritarian ideologies,
Legal ambiguities regarding religious practices, such as the Personal Law System
Encroachment of religion into public spaces and policies, undermines the Indian state’s secular credentials.
Comparison with the US constitution:
Secular Principles
India
USA
Definition
Positive secularism; promotes all religions
Negative secularism; separation of church and state
Constitutional Basis
Article 25-28 ensures freedom of religion
First Amendment prohibits establishment of religion
State Involvement
State supports and funds religious institutions
Minimal state involvement in religion
Religious Diversity
Recognizes multiple religions and cultures
Predominantly Christian with diverse groups
Inter-religious Relations
Encourages inter-religious harmony
Promotes individual religious rights
Conclusion
India's secularism embodies a positive approach, promoting all religions equally, while the U.S. model emphasizes strict separation between religion and state, fostering a neutral public sphere. This fundamental difference shapes their respective policies, inter-religious relations, and the role of religion in governance and society.
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